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在中世纪的欧洲,城市的演进不仅承担了物质和人口的功能,它在各方面都在孕育我们现代生活的精神气质,直至在最高意义上,城市成为现代国家的起源。20世纪中期开始在西方迅猛发展的新史学,不同于传统史学多是研究政治史和精英人物传记,而是强调研究人类文明的整个发展过程和人类社会的各个方面,尤其强调自然—地理结构和物质经济结构对历史发展趋势的决定作用,因此往往避开短期的突发事件,着眼长时段和表示节奏稍慢的历史趋势的中时段——“社会的转变”。“中世纪的城市”正是这样一个令新史学偏爱的探讨话题。在此我们汇总法国的新史学在这方面的一些成果,他们以一种具有深刻人文意识的全新眼光,为我们展现了一个既不黑暗也不蒙昧,而是生机勃勃的、孕育着现代法国的中世纪。
In medieval Europe, the evolution of the city not only assumed the material and demographic functions it was in every way nurturing the mental qualities of our modern life until, in the highest sense, the city became the origin of the modern state. The new historiography that began to develop rapidly in the West in the mid-20th century differs from traditional history in that it mostly studies political history and elitist biographies. Instead, it emphasizes the study of the entire development of human civilization and all aspects of human society, with particular emphasis on the natural-geographical structure and The material economy plays a decisive role in the development of history. Therefore, it often avoids short-term emergencies, focusing on the long period of time and the “social change” in the middle period, which indicates the historical trend of slower pace. “Medieval cities” is just such a topic that has made New History a favorite. Here we summarize some of the achievements made by the French New History in this area. They present us with a new vision of profound humanism that shows us a living, not dark, ignorant, but vibrant, modern French middle Ages.