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“自然选择”可谓演化论的核心思想,但人类语言的演化却无法只凭自然选择来运作。文章从语音、形态句法学等系统来探讨语言的多样性,提出语言的复杂度与文化的复杂度并无直接关系。语言最初应该是多源产生的,也许早在两百万年前就于不同的地点逐步涌现,不过语言之所以能出现,还要得利于人类习得了象征作用,并发展出以元音、辅音的音段来发声的语音系统。语言的产生及感知,都要仰赖人体结构的生理基础及人类大脑的认知功能,所以语言绝非凭空出现,而是奠基在人类已有的呼吸、咀嚼等能力上,再加上婴儿与生俱来的统计学习技能,人类才得以发展出比其他灵长类动物更有效、更精密的沟通方式。近年来由于认知神经科学的飞跃进展,除了从语言习得和语言变迁来研究语言演化外,我们也该从认知障碍及老化的角度来探索语言受损、语言退化等议题。
“Natural selection” is the core idea of evolution, but the evolution of human language can not be operated by natural selection alone. The article explores the diversity of languages from phonetic and morphological syntactic systems, suggesting that language complexity is not directly related to cultural complexity. Language originally originated from multiple sources and may have emerged in different places as early as two million years ago. However, language has emerged and benefited humans in acquiring symbolism and has developed a system that uses vowels, consonants Voice segment to voice the voice system. The production and perception of language depend on the physiological basis of the structure of the human body and the cognitive function of the human brain. Therefore, the language is not out of thin air, but rather it is based on the ability of the mankind to breathe and chew. In addition, With all the statistical learning skills, human beings can develop more effective and sophisticated ways of communicating than other primates. In recent years, due to the rapid progress of cognitive neuroscience, apart from studying language evolution from language acquisition and language changes, we also need to explore issues such as language impairment and language degradation from the perspective of cognitive impairment and aging.