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如何改变科学家的刻板印象,是维系科学人才队伍的合理构成,风险沟通乃至公民科学素养提升等诸多问题的关键。自钱伯斯(Chambers,1983)的开创性工作以来的一个共识是,科学家的刻板印象是在世界范围内普遍存在的。本研究以心理学为基础批判了已有“画一个科学家的小测验”(DAST,draw-a-scientist test)方法论和社会心理学基础缺失等问题,提出了对照画图、比较编码、分类收敛、交叉印证的改进思路,并选取了(A)美院科普专硕班,(B)本科生全校任选课班,(M)研究生全校任选课班三组被试进行新的DAST测度(n=71)。编码发现科学家的刻板印象的确普遍存在,但定量模型的分析亦表明笼统地认为更多地接触科学能改变对科学家的刻板印象是不准确的。相比之下,A组更少地接触到了科学或选取了更刻板的艺术家作为参照,或是M组由于刻板印象威胁所产生的自我规避都可能成为竞争性解释。总体上讲,刻板印象的存在已经在大学生群体的职业选择中产生了一定的负面印象。对此反刻板印象的强化应该成为改善的一个重要突破口。
How to change the stereotypes of scientists is the key to many problems such as the rational formation of scientific talent team, risk communication and even the improvement of citizens’ scientific literacy. One common understanding since the groundbreaking work of Chambers (1983) is that scientists are stereotyped around the world. Based on the psychology, this study criticizes the existing “Dates of draw-a-scientist test” methodology and the lack of foundation of social psychology, and puts forward the comparative drawing, comparative coding, classification (A) science majors, (B) undergraduate school optional courses, (M) postgraduates whole school optional courses three groups were tested by the new DAST measure (n = 71). The code found that the stereotypes of scientists are indeed widespread, but the analysis of quantitative models also shows that there is a general perception that more exposure to science can change the stereotype of scientists is inaccurate. In contrast, group A may have less access to science or select more stereotyped artists as a reference, or group M may become a competitive explanation for the self-avoidance resulting from stereotype threats. In general, the existence of stereotypes has produced a certain negative impression in the career choices of college students. The strengthening of anti-stereotypes should become an important breakthrough for improvement.