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蓖麻为双子叶一年生或多年生草本植物,原产于非洲东部,先后传入亚洲、美洲和欧洲。因其适应性广、存活率高,故广泛存在于各国家,是世界十大重要油料作物之一。蓖麻油应用范围十分广泛,在替代石油的深加工方面是公认的最有前景的植物油,其综合开发利用的经济价值极高,已被众多研究者所瞩目。但是,目前国际上蓖麻籽缺口严重,使得蓖麻产业的开发利用受到较大限制。我国蓖麻育种研究工作始于上世纪50年代初,目前,我国蓖麻育种技术及品种产量已经达到国际先进水平,虽然取得了极大的进步,但在许多方面尚有努力的空间。该研究根据长期的蓖麻育种实践,论述了利用野生资源、农家品种以及国外引进品种改良和创新蓖麻种质资源,培育抗病自交系及杂交种的可行性及重要性。并根据我国蓖麻栽培的区域性特点,提出了高产高油、适应机械化栽培、高度抗病和较强的抗逆性等主要育种目标。
Castor is a dicotyledon annual or perennial herb, native to eastern Africa, has passed into Asia, the Americas and Europe. Because of its wide adaptability, high survival rate, it exists in various countries, is one of the world’s top ten important oil crops. Castor oil has a wide range of applications. It is recognized as the most promising vegetable oil in the deep processing of alternative petroleum, and its economic value of comprehensive utilization has been extremely high. It has attracted the attention of many researchers. However, the current serious shortage of castor beans, castor industry development and utilization are subject to greater restrictions. At present, the research on castor breeding technology and varieties in China has reached the international advanced level. Although great progress has been made, there are still many efforts in this field. Based on the long-term practice of castor breeding, this study discusses the feasibility and importance of using wild resources, farmer varieties and imported varieties to improve and innovate castor germplasm resources and cultivate resistant inbred lines and hybrids. Based on the regional characteristics of castor cultivation in our country, the author put forward the major breeding objectives of high yield and high oil, adaptability to mechanized cultivation, highly disease resistance and strong stress resistance.