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Early aspects of the pathogenesis of the vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)include upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines,like tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and highly-sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),as well as increased expression of endothelial adhesion molecules like ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.